Application vs. Verification

Now that you have built, tested, and test invoked your SC, you may be asking, what is this Verification step, and how do I programmatically interact with it? Lets start out with our example from before of tracking a balance, and restrict it so that only an ‘owner’ address can perform operations on it. Here’s the Smart Contract code:

from boa.interop.Neo.Runtime import GetTrigger,CheckWitness
from boa.interop.Neo.Storage import Get,Put,Delete,GetContext
from boa.interop.Neo.TriggerType import Application, Verification

OWNER = b'\x03\x19\xe0)\xb9%\x85w\x90\xe4\x17\x85\xbe\x9c\xce\xc6\xca\xb1\x98\x96'

def Main(operation, addr, value):

    print("Running Sample v4")
    trigger = GetTrigger()

    # This determines that the SC is running in Verification mode
    # This determines whether the TX will be relayed to the rest of the network
    # The `Verification` portion of SC is *read-only*, so calls to `Storage.Put` will fail.
    # You can, however, use `Storage.Get`
    if trigger == Verification():

        print("Running Verification!")

        # This routine is: if the invoker ( or the Address that signed the contract ) is not OWNER,
        # Then we return False, and the TX will not be relayed to the network
        # Otherwise, we know the owner address signed the TX and return True
        is_owner = CheckWitness(OWNER)

        if is_owner:
            print("Is Owner!")
            return True

        print("Not Owner")

        return False

    elif trigger == Application():

        print("Running Application!")

          if not is_valid_addr(addr):
              print("Not Valid Address")
              return False

          ctx = GetContext()

          if operation == 'add':
              balance = Get(ctx, addr)
              new_balance = balance + value
              Put(ctx, addr, new_balance)
              return new_balance

          elif operation == 'remove':
              balance = Get(ctx, addr)
              Put(ctx, addr, balance - value)
              return balance - value

          elif operation == 'balance':
              return Get(ctx, addr)

          return False

    return False


def is_valid_addr(addr):

  if len(addr) == 20:
      return True
  return False

You will notice that the OWNER is the same ByteArray that we used before, as it is the address that is in the wallet I am using. This example will use the boa.interop.Neo.Runtime.CheckWitness method to verify that the wallet that has signed the InvocationTransaction is the same as OWNER. First, let’s build and test to make sure it’s working. We will turn on sc-events to make sure we can see exactly what is going on.

neo>
neo> sc build_run docs/source/neo/example/sample4.py True False False 070202 02 add AG4GfwjnvydAZodm4xEDivguCtjCFzLcJy 7
Saved output to docs/source/neo/example/sample4.avm
[I 180303 08:25:12 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Contract.Create] [562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222] ['{\n    "version": 0,\n    "code": {\n        "hash": "0x562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222",\n        "script": "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",\n        "parameters": "070202",\n        "returntype": 2\n    },\n    "name": "test",\n    "code_version": "test",\n    "author": "test",\n    "email": "test",\n    "description": "test",\n    "properties": {\n        "storage": true,\n        "dynamic_invoke": false\n    }\n}']
[I 180303 08:25:12 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Runtime.Log] [562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222] [b'Running Sample v4']
[I 180303 08:25:12 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Runtime.Log] [562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222] [b'Running Application!']
[I 180303 08:25:12 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Storage.Get] [562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222] ['AG4GfwjnvydAZodm4xEDivguCtjCFzLcJy -> 0']
[I 180303 08:25:12 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Storage.Put] [562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222] ['AG4GfwjnvydAZodm4xEDivguCtjCFzLcJy -> 7']
[I 180303 08:25:12 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Execution.Success] [562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222] [7]
[I 180303 08:25:12 Invoke:482] Used 1.191 Gas

-----------------------------------------------------------
Calling docs/source/neo/example/sample4.py with arguments ['add', 'AG4GfwjnvydAZodm4xEDivguCtjCFzLcJy', '7']
Test deploy invoke successful
Used total of 136 operations
Result [{'type': 'Integer', 'value': 7}]
Invoke TX gas cost: 0.0001
-------------------------------------------------------------

neo>

Ok, it works pretty much as before. You will notice theres a few new print statements that we added in, and according to those statements, we can see that the Verification portion of the Smart Contract was never executed. One other thing you will notice is that you can see the SmartContract.Storage.* events, which are useful for debugging! Currently, in order to interact with the Verification stage of the Smart Contract, you will need to deploy and use testinvoke, so let’s do that. Let’s assume you have built and imported the contract, you will have something like this:

neo> show contract 2e80ee491a0a54c9bbb0f791672050f9ab367767
{
    "version": 0,
    "code": {
        "hash": "0x2e80ee491a0a54c9bbb0f791672050f9ab367767",
        "script": "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",
        "parameters": "070202",
        "returntype": 2
    },
    "name": "test",
    "code_version": "test",
    "author": "test",
    "email": "test",
    "description": "test",
    "properties": {
        "storage": true,
        "dynamic_invoke": false
    }
}

neo>

Lets test invoke again.

neo> sc invoke 0x2e80ee491a0a54c9bbb0f791672050f9ab367767 add AMUUgxnLhGxNSATinNp8gKmndqM1BxDZHR 42
[I 180303 09:08:14 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Runtime.Log] [2e80ee491a0a54c9bbb0f791672050f9ab367767] [b'Running Sample v4']
[I 180303 09:08:14 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Runtime.Log] [2e80ee491a0a54c9bbb0f791672050f9ab367767] [b'\x10']
[I 180303 09:08:14 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Runtime.Log] [2e80ee491a0a54c9bbb0f791672050f9ab367767] [b'Running Application!']
[I 180303 09:08:14 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Storage.Get] [2e80ee491a0a54c9bbb0f791672050f9ab367767] ['AMUUgxnLhGxNSATinNp8gKmndqM1BxDZHR -> 0']
[I 180303 09:08:14 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Storage.Put] [2e80ee491a0a54c9bbb0f791672050f9ab367767] ['AMUUgxnLhGxNSATinNp8gKmndqM1BxDZHR -> 42']
[I 180303 09:08:14 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Execution.Success] [2e80ee491a0a54c9bbb0f791672050f9ab367767] [42]
Used 1.194 Gas

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Test invoke successful
Total operations: 140
Results ['Integer: 42 ']
Invoke TX GAS cost: 0.0
Invoke TX fee: 0.0001
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Enter your password to continue and invoke on the network

[password]>

You will see that we still have not seen any verification events. Once we enter our password to relay it to the network, we will see those:

[password]> ***********
[I 180303 08:36:52 Transaction:611] Verifying transaction: b'0fd755e847a5ce54f9894c0c0bbf9303730ac28d8aeacdaddb2f912a2a3fcd40'
[I 180303 08:35:38 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Runtime.Log] [562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222] [b'Running Sample v4']
[I 180303 08:35:38 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Runtime.Log] [562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222] [b'Running Verification!']
[I 180303 08:35:38 EventHub:71] [test_mode][SmartContract.Runtime.Log] [562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222] [b'Is Owner!']
[I 180303 08:36:52 EventHub:89] [SmartContract.Verification.Success][433331] [f64d628af19f53a6b8226a44c93182eff6fcb222] [tx 0fd755e847a5ce54f9894c0c0bbf9303730ac28d8aeacdaddb2f912a2a3fcd40] [True]
Relayed Tx: 0fd755e847a5ce54f9894c0c0bbf9303730ac28d8aeacdaddb2f912a2a3fcd40
neo>
neo>
neo>
neo> [I 180303 08:37:29 EventHub:89] [SmartContract.Runtime.Log][433333] [562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222] [tx 0fd755e847a5ce54f9894c0c0bbf9303730ac28d8aeacdaddb2f912a2a3fcd40] [b'Running Sample v4']
[I 180303 08:37:29 EventHub:89] [SmartContract.Runtime.Log][433333] [562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222] [tx 0fd755e847a5ce54f9894c0c0bbf9303730ac28d8aeacdaddb2f912a2a3fcd40] [b'Running Application!']
[I 180303 08:37:29 EventHub:89] [SmartContract.Storage.Get][433333] [562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222] [tx 0fd755e847a5ce54f9894c0c0bbf9303730ac28d8aeacdaddb2f912a2a3fcd40] ['AG4GfwjnvydAZodm4xEDivguCtjCFzLcJy -> 0']
[I 180303 08:37:29 EventHub:89] [SmartContract.Storage.Put][433333] [562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222] [tx 0fd755e847a5ce54f9894c0c0bbf9303730ac28d8aeacdaddb2f912a2a3fcd40] ['AG4GfwjnvydAZodm4xEDivguCtjCFzLcJy -> 17']
[I 180303 08:37:29 EventHub:89] [SmartContract.Execution.Success][433333] [562d6c29209dc96432c6868621fe489cedd05222] [tx 0fd755e847a5ce54f9894c0c0bbf9303730ac28d8aeacdaddb2f912a2a3fcd40] [17]

So this works as expected. Now I will open a different wallet and try to invoke the same thing: